Throughput is the actual speed at which data moves across a network or through a device. It is measured in megabits per second (Mbps) or gigabits per second (Gbps), and represents the real-world performance you experience when downloading files, streaming video, or browsing the web.
Throughput differs from bandwidth, which is the theoretical maximum capacity of a connection. A broadband connection might have a maximum bandwidth of 100 Mbps, but your actual throughput could be lower due to interference, distance from the router, network congestion, or device limitations. Think of bandwidth as the width of a motorway and throughput as the number of cars actually passing a point each minute.
Several factors affect throughput in practice. Wi-Fi devices experience slower speeds when further from the router or when surrounded by obstacles like walls and metal. Older standards such as Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac) deliver lower throughput than newer Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax). Your internet service provider's network conditions, the number of devices connected, and background downloads all reduce effective throughput.
When shopping for a router, broadband package, or networked device, compare throughput figures rather than maximum bandwidth claims. Look for independent test results showing real speeds in typical home conditions. If you stream 4K video regularly or video call frequently, aim for throughput of at least 25 Mbps download. Heavy users downloading large files or supporting multiple household devices should consider 100 Mbps or more. Check reviews to see what throughput you can realistically achieve with the device and your internet service.